TL; DR: Cushing’s disease can be difficult to recognize in dogs. Symptoms vary from one dog to the next and are often mistaken for natural aging. The most common signs are increased thirst and urination, increased appetite, excessive panting, a pot-bellied appearance, muscle weakness, and changes to the skin or coat.

Cushing’s disease develops when a dog’s body produces too much cortisol, a hormone that helps regulate stress, metabolism, immunity, and sleep.  Over time, excess cortisol disrupts how body and organ systems function, leading to serious secondary conditions. 

Before you chalk your dog’s health and behavioral changes up to age, learn which symptoms may deserve a second look. 

What Is Cushing’s Disease in Dogs?

Excessive amounts of cortisol over an extended period of time lead to hyperadrenocorticism, more commonly known as Cushing’s disease. 

Most naturally occurring cases of Cushing’s are pituitary-dependent or caused by tumors on the pituitary gland. In healthy dogs, the pituitary gland helps control the adrenal glands, which produce cortisol. A pituitary tumor can cause the adrenal glands to produce excessive amounts of cortisol. 

Less common is adrenal-dependent Cushing’s, which occurs when cortisol overproduction is triggered by a tumor on the adrenal gland.

Some causes of Cushing’s aren’t related to tumor growth. Iatrogenic Cushing’s is associated with the prolonged use of corticosteroid medications. Unlike the adrenal and pituitary-dependent forms, iatrogenic Cushing’s usually resolves once dogs taper off the medication. 

Symptoms of Cushing’s Disease

Cushing’s disease can be subtle and doesn’t always announce itself with a distinctive collection of symptoms. Instead, pet parents may notice one small change at a time.

Increased Thirst and Urination

Your dog may begin emptying their water bowl more frequently, asking to go outside more often, or having accidents in the house.

Changes in drinking and toileting habits don’t automatically point to Cushing’s (and can also be symptoms of other conditions like UTIs, kidney disease, and diabetes), but they may be part of a larger symptom picture. 

Increased Appetite

Dogs with Cushing’s may develop a noticeably increased appetite. A dog who has always been enthusiastic about mealtime may suddenly seem ravenous, beg more frequently, or act as though they are never satisfied.

Food obsession may seem like a behavioral issue, but sudden changes are worth bringing up to your vet. 

Excessive Panting

If your dog is panting even when the weather is cool and they haven’t been exercising, take note. 

Panting can have many explanations, including anxiety, pain, and respiratory illness, but it may point to Cushing’s in the presence of other symptoms. 

Pot-Bellied Appearance

Over time, excess cortisol can contribute to muscle loss and changes in the way fat is distributed throughout the body. This can give a dog a distinctly rounded belly. 

Weight gain is easy to overlook in older dogs, but pay attention when it’s accompanied by weakness, fatigue, and loss of muscle tone. 

Changes in Skin and Coat Condition

Symmetrical hair loss, thin or fragile skin, dark patches, and slow-healing wounds are telltale signs of Cushing’s. 

These symptoms can look a lot like seasonal allergies or other dermatological conditions, but don’t ignore skin or coat problems that keep returning despite treatment.

Frequent Infections

One of cortisol’s most important jobs is immune system regulation. A long-term excess of cortisol can impact your dog’s ability to fight off everyday viruses and bacteria. 

If your dog has been under the weather more than usual or is suffering from frequent skin infections or UTIs, it’s a good idea to investigate their immune function. 

What Happens If Cushing’s Goes Untreated

Cushing’s disease affects much more than a dog’s appetite, thirst, or appearance. Over time, consistently elevated cortisol puts stress on multiple body systems and increases the risk of other health problems.

Dogs with untreated Cushing’s may be more susceptible to:

• Diabetes mellitus: Cortisol can interfere with insulin and blood sugar regulation, increasing the risk of diabetes.
• High blood pressure: Chronic excess cortisol can contribute to hypertension, which may affect the heart, kidneys, eyes, and other organs.
• Blood clots: Dogs with Cushing’s can have an increased risk of developing potentially serious blood clots.
• Muscle weakness and reduced mobility: Ongoing muscle loss can make it increasingly difficult for dogs to climb stairs, jump, or exercise normally.
• Weakened skin barrier: Excess cortisol leads to slow healing, greatly increasing the risk that minor injuries will become life-threatening. 

Not every dog with Cushing’s will develop secondary complications, but the risks are one reason early recognition and appropriate management matter. If you notice symptoms that aren’t resolving with other treatment, it’s worth scheduling an exam with your vet. 

How is Cushing’s Diagnosed in Dogs

Diagnosis starts with bloodwork and a urinalysis. These tests don’t diagnose Cushing’s by themselves, but they do help your vet determine whether Cushing’s is probable and rule out other conditions.

From there, specific endocrine testing may be recommended. One commonly used test is the low-dose dexamethasone suppression test (LDDST), which evaluates how your dog’s body responds to a synthetic corticosteroid. Healthy dogs will reduce their natural cortisol production in the presence of the synthetic, while dogs with Cushing’s will continue to produce an excess. 

Stress and co-occurring illnesses can make diagnosing Cushing’s challenging, but reporting all the symptoms you notice (however subtle) will help your vet get a full clinical picture. 

Treatment

Treatment depends on what’s causing the excessive cortisol production and your dog’s overall health.

For many dogs with naturally occurring Cushing’s, medication is used to control cortisol production. Dogs receiving treatment need to be closely monitored to make sure excessive cortisol is controlled without suppressing it too much.

If Cushing’s is caused by an adrenal tumor, surgery may be an option. Treatment decisions depend on factors such as the size and location of the tumor, whether it is malignant (cancerous), and the dog’s overall health.

Dogs with iatrogenic Cushing’s require a different approach. If a corticosteroid is causing the condition, your veterinarian may gradually taper your dog off the medication and watch for improvement. Be aware that steroids should never be discontinued suddenly without veterinary guidance.

When to See Your Vet

One unusually thirsty day or an occasional bout of heavy panting shouldn’t send you into a panic, but persistent or progressively worsening changes deserve attention.

Take note of anything out of the ordinary, and make an appointment if you notice multiple hallmarks of Cushing’s, like:

• Unusual thirst or more frequent urination
• Increased hunger
• Heavy, unexplained panting
• A pot-bellied appearance
• Weakness and loss of muscle tone
• Thinning hair or skin
• Susceptibility to infections

Each of these symptoms has multiple alternative explanations, but it’s important not to dismiss them or assume they are an unavoidable part of aging. 

If you’re concerned about noticeable changes in your dog’s health or behavior, your veterinarian can help find a medical explanation and make a plan to give your dog the best quality of life possible. 

Dogs bark for many reasons, including boredom, fear, excitement, territorial behavior, and medical issues. Reduce problematic barking with positive, humane training techniques rather than punishment. 

If your dog barks at every delivery driver, neighbor, or passing squirrel, you’re not alone. Excessive barking is one of the most common behavioral concerns dog owners experience, especially amongst particularly vocal breeds. 

Like all canine behavior, barking is a form of communication. Eliminating it completely isn’t a realistic goal, but fortunately, it can be redirected. 

Here are humane, veterinarian-approved strategies for helping your dog feel calmer and more confident. 

1. Understand Why Your Dog is Barking

When unraveling nuisance barking, curiosity goes a long way. Dogs bark for many different reasons, and each may require a different approach. 

Some of the most common explanations include:

• Territorial behavior when people or animals approach the home
• Alert barking at unfamiliar sounds
• Excitement during play or greetings
• Boredom or lack of mental stimulation
• Separation anxiety
• Frustration
• Cognitive decline in senior dogs
• Pain or medical conditions

Before you set out to reduce barking, start by asking, “What is my dog trying to tell me?” 

Pay attention to what circumstances seem to correlate with barking fits and notice any patterns that emerge. What you learn can help you find an effective solution. 

2. Meet Your Dog’s Physical and Mental Needs

Dogs who don’t get enough exercise and enrichment may resort to barking for mental stimulation. Barking gives a bored dog something to do, engages their other senses, and often provokes a response from nearby people or pets.

Especially for very active and intelligent breeds, daily walks and play sessions may not be enough. If you suspect that your dog may be barking out of boredom, look for ways to challenge their bodies and brains. 

Try incorporating:

• Puzzle feeders or treat-dispensing toys
• Multiple short training sessions throughout the day
• Agility work
• Breed-specific activities, such as retrieving or scent work

3. Reduce Barking Triggers When Possible

Dogs who routinely bark at the same triggers are actually reinforcing them.

If your canine companion barks at the mailperson from the porch at the same time each day, they’re rehearsing an unwanted behavior — and making it harder to redirect.

While it’s not always possible to avoid your dog’s triggers, look for ways to disrupt or prevent predictable barking. This may look like: 

• Closing the blinds or using privacy window film to keep your dog from noticing pedestrians.
• Using a white noise machine to drown out outside sounds.
• Bringing dogs inside when there is a lot of neighborhood activity.

Helping your dog avoid situations that contribute to barking can make them less reactive over time. 

4. Reward Silence

It makes sense to incentivize tricks and training with treats, but pet parents don’t always recognize the importance of reinforcing calm behavior. 

Instead of working to quiet barking, notice when your dog is relaxed and quiet throughout the day and offer praise. 

Teaching a “quiet” cue can also be helpful. Wait until your dog naturally pauses barking (even briefly), say “quiet,” then immediately reward them. With consistent practice, they’ll begin to associate calmness with positive outcomes.

5. Don’t Accidentally Reinforce Barking

Well-meaning pet parents can sometimes unintentionally teach their dogs to bark.

When you respond to barking with attention or treat it as your cue to initiate mealtimes or playtimes, you’re inadvertently sending the message that barking gets desirable results. 

Wait for barking to quiet before responding to your dog, even if it takes time. Consistency is key for helping your dog find better ways to engage.

6. Manage Anxiety

Some dogs bark because they’re frightened or stressed. When barking is fear-based, punishing it can increase anxiety and make the behavior worse.

If your dog struggles with storm anxiety or separation anxiety, your veterinarian can recommend behavior modification strategies and determine whether anti-anxiety medication may be appropriate as part of a comprehensive treatment plan.

7. Skip Punitive Strategies and Bark Collars

Frustrated owners can feel desperate for a solution, but yelling, spanking, spray bottles, and shock collars won’t fix nuisance barking in the long term. 

These methods suppress the symptom (barking), but don’t address root causes. Fearful dogs remain fearful. Anxious dogs remain anxious. Some dogs may even become more reactive because they begin associating pain or startling sensations with the people, animals, or situations that already made them nervous.

Positive reinforcement training has been shown to produce more reliable, lasting behavior changes while protecting the bond between you and your dog.

8. Rule Out Medical Problems

Barking isn’t always a training issue, especially if it’s out of the ordinary for your pet.

Dogs experiencing pain, hearing loss, cognitive dysfunction, vision changes, or certain neurological conditions may begin barking more than usual. Senior dogs, in particular, may bark at night due to age-related cognitive decline.

If your dog’s barking starts suddenly, changes dramatically, or is accompanied by other symptoms, schedule a veterinary examination to determine whether an underlying medical condition is contributing to the behavior.

Help Your Dog Enjoy the Quiet

Excessive barking can be frustrating, but it’s never malicious. A barking dog is communicating the best they can — and they need your help to get their needs met. 

Curiosity, positive reinforcement, and anxiety management can make a dramatic difference for the vast majority of dogs. If you’re concerned about a sudden change in your dog’s barking or need guidance on behavioral concerns, reach out to your vet. Together, you can identify the root cause of problematic barking and develop a plan that supports your dog’s physical health and emotional well-being.

Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is a condition in which the cushioning discs between a dog’s vertebrae become damaged and create pressure on the spine. Depending on the location and severity, it can cause extreme pain, difficulty walking, and even paralysis. 

IVDD can develop over time or come on suddenly. While it’s one of the most common sources of mobility issues in older dogs, acute cases can be medical emergencies. If your normally playful dog is limping or hesitating at the top of the stairs, it could be a subtle sign of disc trauma. Learn to recognize the early symptoms of IVDD and act quickly to spare your dog pain and future mobility issues. 

What Is Intervertebral Disc Disease in Dogs?

A dog’s spine is made up of individual vertebrae separated by soft discs. These discs have an outer ring of cartilage and are filled with a gel-like substance called nucleus pulposus. In healthy dogs, these discs prevent the bones of the spine from making direct contact and act as shock absorbers as your dog moves. 

With IVDD, one or more of the discs that cushion the vertebrae deteriorate, bulge, or rupture. When this happens, disc material can press against the spinal cord or nearby nerves, causing pain and,  in severe cases, permanent nerve damage.

Veterinarians generally classify IVDD into two types:

Hansen Type I occurs when a disc suddenly ruptures, forcing its inner gel-like material into the spinal canal. This usually causes acute pain and can rapidly progress to weakness or paralysis. It is most common in chondrodystrophic (short-legged) dog breeds.

Hansen Type II develops more gradually as the disc slowly bulges or hardens over time due to chronic degeneration. Rather than causing a sudden injury, it typically results in progressively worsening pain, stiffness, and weakness. This form is more commonly seen in older, larger-breed dogs.

Although these two types of IVDD develop differently, both can compress the spinal cord and interfere with normal nerve function. Early diagnosis and treatment are important regardless of which presentation is affecting your dog.

Which Dogs Are at Risk for IVDD? 

While IVDD can affect dogs of any age and breed, some dogs have a much higher risk because of their genetics and body structure.

Dogs with short, squat profiles are prone to acute disc injury. Breeds more susceptible to Hansen Type 1 IVDD include:

• Dachshunds
• French Bulldogs
• Pembroke Welsh Corgis
• Beagles
• Shih Tzus
• Pekingese
• Basset Hounds
• Cocker Spaniels

Other factors that can also increase your dog’s overall risk of IVDD, such as: 

• Advanced age
• Excess body weight
• A history of back injuries
• Repetitive high-impact movement

Helping your dog maintain a healthy weight and get consistent, gentle exercise can protect their spine as they get older. 

Symptoms 

Many dogs instinctively hide discomfort, so the first signs of spinal pain may not be obvious. Adding to the confusion, sprains, pulled muscles, hip dysplasia, and general joint issues can have early symptoms similar to IVDD.

If something seems off, watch out for:

• Reluctance to jump onto furniture or climb stairs
• Crying or whimpering when being picked up
• A hunched back or tense posture
• Shaking or trembling 
• Weakness in one or more legs
• Gait changes
• Difficulty standing
• Loss of coordination

Whether symptoms come on suddenly or develop slowly, spinal damage can worsen over time. A quick intervention can help prevent chronic pain and lifelong mobility limitations. 

When IVDD Is an Emergency

Mild IVDD can be safely evaluated during a scheduled appointment, but severe cases require a trip to the emergency vet. 

Don’t wait to get help if your dog:

• Suddenly can’t stand or walk
• Drags one or more legs
• Loses bladder or bowel control
• Becomes progressively weaker over a short period

Prolonged compression on the spine can cause permanent nerve damage if it’s not relieved quickly. When swollen discs restrict blood flow, nerve tissue begins to die. The earlier treatment begins, the better your dog’s prognosis is likely to be. 

Treating Disc Disease in Dogs

Once your vet determines the extent of your dog’s IVDD and whether neurological deficits are present, they will decide how to approach treatment. Some cases of IVDD can be managed with medication and lifestyle changes, while others require surgery. 

Conservative Management

Dogs with mild pain and minimal neurological impairment may improve at home with rest and anti-inflammatory medications.

Your vet may recommend severely limiting physical activity for a period of time and a gradual return to gentle movement after your dog has had time to heal. 

Stick to veterinary-prescribed NSAIDs, and never give your dog over-the-counter pain medications like ibuprofen or Tylenol — they can cause toxicity even at low doses. 

Surgery

Dogs with severe neurological deficits, recurring episodes, or paralysis often require surgery to relieve pressure on the spinal cord.

In general, dogs that undergo surgery soon after losing the ability to walk have a better chance of functioning normally than those whose treatment is delayed. After your dog recovers from surgery, physical rehabilitation can help restore strength, coordination, and mobility.

Can IVDD Be Prevented?

Genetics play a significant role in IVDD, so it’s not always possible to fully prevent it. That being said, focusing on the factors you can control can help protect your dog’s spinal health. 

• Help your dog achieve and maintain a healthy body condition score (BCS)
• Install ramps or stairs to reduce jumping on and off furniture
• Choose low-impact exercise like walking or swimming  
• Know your dog’s risk factors for IVDD
• Schedule routine veterinary wellness exams

If you notice changes in your dog’s behavior or activity level (even subtle ones), don’t wait to investigate. Proactive care is one of the best ways to keep a minor spinal problem from becoming a much more serious one.

Different procedures require different preoperative care, but preparing your pet for surgery starts with following your veterinarian’s instructions carefully, planning ahead for their recovery, and managing their stress. 

Whether your pet is scheduled for a spay/neuter, dental extraction, or an ACL repair, it’s natural to feel a little nervous leading up to surgery. Fortunately, planned procedures give you time to get your pet, yourself, and your home set up for a smooth recovery. 

Your veterinary team will guide you through the specifics, but knowing what to expect and anticipating your pet’s needs can make the experience easier for you both. 

Follow Your Vet’s Pre-Operative Instructions

The most important thing you can do before surgery is adhere to your veterinarian’s specific instructions. 

Pre-operative care guidelines are based on factors like your pet’s age, health, medications, and the type of anesthesia being used. Because they aren’t one-size-fits-all, it’s important not to deviate or defer to general advice. 

Your vet may require that you:

• Avoid feeding your pet within a certain window of time before the procedure 
• Limit or adjust certain medications
• Bring your pet in at a specific time
• Collect a urine or stool sample if applicable

If anything is unclear, consult with your vet before the day of the surgery. It’s much easier to clarify instructions ahead of time than to discover a misunderstanding after you’ve arrived.

Why Fasting Matters Before Surgery

Many surgeries require pets to avoid food (fast) for several hours before the procedure. For pets undergoing anesthesia, an empty stomach is an important safety measure. 

General anesthesia can affect swallowing and protective airway reflexes. If food is still in your pet’s stomach, there’s a greater risk of vomiting and accidentally aspirating stomach contents while they are sedated, which can lead to serious complications.

If your pet accidentally eats something after the fasting period begins, let your veterinarian know. In some cases, surgery may need to be rescheduled for your pet’s safety.

Reduce Your Dog or Cat’s Pre-Surgery Anxiety

Pets are sensitive to routines. Especially when their procedure requires changes to normal mealtimes or medication schedules, they may intuit that something out of the ordinary is about to happen. 

One of the best ways to help minimize their stress is to keep other aspects of their routine as normal as possible leading up to the surgery: 

• Walk your typical route or make time for gentle play
• Keep your home calm and quiet 
• Place your cat’s carrier in a common area a few days in advance to give them time to adjust to it
• Manage your own anxiety during drop-off — your confidence reassures your pet

If your pet has severe anxiety about veterinary visits, let your vet know well in advance. In some cases, anti-anxiety medication before the appointment may be appropriate.

What to Expect Immediately After Your Dog or Cat’s Surgery

Many pets are sleepy or unsteady after anesthesia. Others will be restless, vocal, or temporarily disoriented as the medications wear off.

These reactions all fall within the range of normalcy, but you’ll still want to monitor your pet closely for the first 24-28 hours following surgery. 

Make sure you’ve arranged for someone to be available to keep an eye on your pet, administer medications, and help with toileting, if necessary. Having a plan in place before the procedure will prevent you from scrambling while your pet is vulnerable. 

Get Your Home Ready for Recovery

Preparing your space and gathering any items you’ll need for your pet’s recovery before surgery day will make the transition home much smoother. 

Many cats and dogs face mobility limitations in the days or weeks following surgery. Your vet can help you understand what to expect, but you may want to consider:

• Moving food dishes, litter boxes, and bedding to a more accessible location
• Stocking up on puppy pads 
• Adding rugs or runners to improve traction on hardwood floors
• Creating a space where your pet can rest without being disturbed by children or other pets 

Rest is essential for recovery. For dogs, this may mean using a crate or setting up a room with comfortable bedding. For cats, it may mean blocking off a quiet, floor-level space where they can feel safe while climbing onto furniture or cat trees isn’t possible.

Some pets will be naturally inclined to nap their recovery away, but puppies and kittens may need help keeping their activity levels low while they heal. Provide plenty of attention and affection, but keep play sessions calm — jumping and roughhousing can reopen incisions and cause trauma at the surgical site. 

Stick to Medication Schedules

Even if your pet seems to feel better after a day or two, full healing takes longer than most owners expect. Unless a medication specifically says that it’s to be administered “as needed,” plan to finish the full course. 

Pain medications, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory medications should be given exactly as prescribed. Never substitute human medications unless your veterinarian instructs you to do so. Many over-the-counter pain relievers, like ibuprofen and Tylenol, can be toxic to pets.

Monitor the Incision Daily

Keep an eye on your pet’s incision. A small amount of redness or swelling may be normal immediately after surgery, but contact your veterinarian if you notice:

• Redness or swelling that gets worse or doesn’t improve 
• Bleeding
• Foul-smelling discharge
• Missing sutures or staples
• The incision opening

Many cats and dogs will be provided a cone or recovery suit to prevent them from licking or chewing their incision. Leave these measures in place for the recommended amount of time, and do your best to prevent your pet from bothering their stitches. 

If you have concerns, don’t hesitate to report them. Your veterinarian would rather answer a question early than treat a preventable complication or infection later.

Don’t Skip Follow-Up Appointments

Even if your pet seems to have bounced back completely,  follow-up visits are still a crucial part of their recovery plan. 

Your post-operative appointment gives your veterinarian a chance to evaluate how the incision is healing, remove sutures if necessary, assess your pet’s comfort level, and determine whether they’re cleared to return to normal activity.

Sticking to the full surgical plan will give your pet their best chance at a fast, complete recovery. 

Wildlife encounters can happen in urban, suburban, and rural environments alike. Protect your dog by keeping vaccinations up to date and learning how to avoid conflicts with wild animals. 

When most people think about unexpected run-ins with wildlife, they picture a remote hiking trail deep in the woods. In reality, many of the animals that pose risks to dogs in the Raleigh area live much closer to home. Neighborhoods, greenways, parks, and even fenced backyards can create opportunities for interactions.

Even though most wildlife go to great lengths to avoid people and pets, animals that are protecting young, searching for food, or carrying certain diseases may become aggressive.  Get to know the wildlife commonly found in and around Raleigh, and take steps to keep your dog safer in any setting. 

Where Do Raleigh Dogs Encounter Wild Animals?

One reason wildlife encounters catch pet owners off guard is that many animals have adapted surprisingly well to city and suburban environments.

Raleigh’s expanding neighborhoods often border wooded areas, creeks, greenways, and undeveloped land. Wild animals frequently travel through these corridors in search of food, water, and shelter. Animals may also be attracted to certain features of suburban sprawl, like bird feeders, unsecured trash, pet food left outdoors, or dense landscaping that provides cover.

As a result, Raleigh dogs can encounter wildlife almost anywhere, including:

• Neighborhoods
• Apartment complexes
• Dog parks
• Greenways and walking trails
• Campgrounds
• Hiking areas
• Lakes and streams
• Nature preserves

Even dogs that spend most of their time at home may meet wild animals in their own yard.

Common Wildlife Threats to Dogs in the Raleigh Area

Snakes

Several snake species live throughout North Carolina. Most are harmless, but copperheads (a venomous variety) are common in and around Raleigh.

Copperheads are especially active during warmer months and are often found in woods, rock piles, leaf litter, gardens, and any area with abundant rodents. Curious dogs may investigate a snake and receive a defensive bite.

Snake bites can cause:

• Pain and swelling
• Tissue damage
• Bruising
• Difficulty breathing in severe cases
• Shock

Any suspected snakebite should be treated as a veterinary emergency.

Raccoons

Raccoons are highly adaptable and frequently make their homes in urban and suburban neighborhoods. They are drawn to trash cans, outdoor pet food, and unsecured attics and crawl spaces.

Raccoons can become aggressive if they are cornered or protecting their young. They are also the most frequently reported carriers of rabies, a zoonotic disease that is almost always fatal.

Dogs that attempt to confront raccoons or chase them out of their space risk injury and exposure to parasites and serious illness.

Coyotes

Coyote populations are on the rise — they can now be found in each of North Carolina’s 100 counties. 

Though coyotes generally prefer to avoid humans, dawn and dusk sightings are growing more common, even in developed areas. Attacks are relatively rare, but small dogs are at particular risk of being mistaken for prey. 

Foxes

Foxes tend to stay out of sight, but they can carry diseases that pose serious risks to pets, including rabies and mange. Dogs may encounter foxes in wooded neighborhoods, parks, or near water sources. 

Fox sightings are concerning because of their shy nature. A fox behaving unusually — appearing disoriented, aggressive, or unafraid of people — should be avoided and reported to Raleigh Animal Control. 

Skunks

Most pet owners associate skunks with their powerful odor, but they can also bite when threatened and are considered a rabies vector species. Dogs that corner or chase skunks can expect to be on the receiving end of their putrid defensive spray, as well as possible injuries and exposure to disease.

Opossums

Opossums aren’t typically aggressive, but they may defend themselves if they feel threatened. Dogs that harass opossums may be scratched or bitten.

Rodents

Mice, rats, and other rodents can create indirect risks for dogs.

Rodents may carry parasites and diseases, and their nests attract predators like raccoons, foxes, and snakes. Poisons used to control rodent populations can be lethal to pets if they aren’t used properly, and dogs that catch mice, rats, and gophers may be exposed to rodenticides. 

Birds of Prey

Though it’s uncommon, very small dogs may be vulnerable to attacks from large birds of prey like hawks and owls.

Toy breeds and puppies should always be supervised when outdoors, particularly in open areas where large raptors may hunt.

Diseases Wildlife Can Transmit to Dogs

Physical injuries are only part of the concern. Wildlife can expose dogs to a variety of serious illnesses.

Rabies

Rabies remains one of the most serious wildlife-related health threats. The virus attacks the nervous system and almost always results in death once symptoms develop.

Keeping your dog’s rabies vaccination current is one of the most important steps you can take to protect their health.

Leptospirosis

Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease spread through the urine of infected wildlife. Dogs may be exposed by drinking from ponds and puddles or wading through stagnant water. 

Symptoms can include:

• Fever
• Vomiting
• Lethargy
• Kidney damage
• Liver disease

Fortunately, a leptospirosis vaccine is available and can drastically reduce your dog’s risk of contracting the illness. 

Parasites

Parasites common in wildlife can infect dogs when they consume dead animals, ingest grass or feces, or encounter intermediate hosts like mosquitoes. 

Hookworms, roundworms, heartworms, and Giardia can cause life-threatening illness. Routine parasite prevention is essential, even for pets living in city environments. 

Reduce the Risk of Wildlife Encounters

We share our world with wild animals. While it’s not possible to eliminate the possibility entirely, these practical steps can make wildlife encounters safer and less likely. 

Keep Dogs Leashed on Trails

Many wildlife incidents occur when dogs’ curiosity or prey drive takes over. Keeping your dog on a leash allows you to maintain control and prevent most conflicts before they happen — especially important on Raleigh-area greenways and wooded hiking trails.

Supervise Outdoor Time

Don’t assume that a fence will keep wild animals from entering your property. 

Avoid leaving dogs unattended outdoors, particularly at dawn, dusk, and overnight when many wildlife species are most active.

Reduce Attractants

Removing access to food sources can make your property less appealing to wildlife.

Consider:

• Securing trash containers and compost
• Bringing pet food indoors
• Cleaning up fallen fruit and birdseed

Landscaping choices can also play a role. Trimming tall grass and removing brush piles can discourage animals from making their homes in your yard. 

Keep Vaccinations Current

In situations where encounters can’t be avoided, preventative care is your best line of defense against serious health consequences. 

Work with your vet to make sure vaccinations and parasite prevention are up to date. Though most wildlife encounters end without incident, preparing for all possibilities can help you and your dog fully enjoy everything that Raleigh’s outdoor spaces have to offer. 

While it can be frustrating, scratching is a completely normal instinct in healthy cats.  Instead of attempting to eliminate scratching through punishment or declawing, learning your cat’s preferences can help pet parents redirect this behavior in less destructive ways. 

If your couch, carpets, or doorframes are looking worse for wear, a few adjustments to your home can make all the difference. Here’s what pet parents need to know about the feline urge to scratch — and why your current scratching post may not be fully meeting your cat’s needs. 

Why Do Cats Scratch?

It’s easy to label scratching as “misbehavior,” but in reality, it’s a very practical instinct retained from their pre-domesticated ancestors. 

Scratching serves several important purposes for your cat:

• Maintaining claws by removing old, outer layers of keratin.
• Stretching the muscles of their legs and feet. 
• Marking territory through scent glands in their paws.
• Relieving pent-up stress or excitement. 
• Communicating visually through scratch marks. 

Because scratching is so connected to cats’ physical and emotional well-being, trying to eliminate it completely is unlikely to work — at least not without harming your cat. It’s best to think of scratching as normal, expected behavior and shift your focus to helping your cat find an outlet that works for you both. 

Why Cats Claw Furniture and Carpets

Cats do not choose scratching surfaces randomly. Usually, they are drawn to materials, locations, and textures they enjoy. If you pay attention, you may notice that your cat’s favorite places to exercise their claws all have something in common. 

Cats often gravitate towards: 

• Rough woven fabric with “loops” that provide resistance for claws
• Tall or broad surfaces that allow for a full-body stretch
• Sturdy objects and surfaces that don’t move under their body weight
• High-traffic areas where the family spends time and lots of scents are exchanged.

Unfortunately, couches, rugs, and carpeting check all of these boxes for many cats. 

These targets are attractive enough under normal circumstances, but scratching instincts can become particularly heightened when cats are anxious or under-stimulated. Changes in the household, new pets, unfamiliar visitors, or lack of enrichment can all dial up scratching behavior.

Declawing is Never the Answer

As cats became more popular indoor pets in the 1950s, declawing was widely viewed as the obvious solution to shredded furniture and carpeting. However, it’s far from a simple cosmetic procedure. 

Declawing involves not just the removal of the claw, but the amputation of the upper part of each toe bone. In human terms, the process would be analogous to removing the tip of each finger at the first knuckle. 

Declawing can lead to:

• Chronic pain
• Changes in gait or posture
• Litter box avoidance
• Increased biting or aggression
• Anxiety and stress-related behaviors

Because of the pain and long-term effects associated with declawing, many veterinarians and animal welfare organizations strongly discourage the procedure.

The removal of their claws leaves many cats feeling permanently anxious and vulnerable, which can lead to other behavioral problems that are even harder to manage than scratching.

Rather than taking away a cat’s ability to scratch, it is much healthier and more humane to help them express this instinct in more desirable ways. 

Find Out What (and How) Your Cat Likes to Scratch

One of the biggest mistakes pet parents make is buying a single scratching post and assuming the problem is solved. Cats are picky, and many have strong preferences about how they like to scratch.

Your cat may prefer to scratch vertically or horizontally, or they may gravitate towards certain textures while completely ignoring others. 

The best way to stop the destruction is to observe what your cat is already doing and provide alternatives that mimic their favorite problematic scratching spots. 

For example:

• If your cat scratches the carpet, try a horizontal cardboard scratcher.
• If they scratch the side of the couch, a tall vertical sisal post may work better.
• If they scratch doorframes, they may prefer wooden or hard-surface scratchers. 

Be aware that it may take some trial and error before you find your cat’s favorite scratching setup. Try to stay patient and follow their lead.  

Experiment with Placement

Even the best scratching post will not help if it is placed in a part of your home that your cat rarely accesses. 

One of the main drivers of scratching behavior is communication — it’s why cats frequently scratch in high-traffic areas of the home. Individual preferences will vary, but in general, cats are more likely to actually use scratchers that are placed near the spots they already like to scratch. 

If a carpet-covered cat tree is at odds with the aesthetics of your living room, take heart — options for modern-looking scratchers have exploded in recent years. Once you discover the shape and texture your cat prefers, you can invest in scratching equipment that suits your space. 

Make Appropriate Scratching More Appealing

Sometimes cats need encouragement to use new scratching surfaces.

You can make scratchers more attractive by:

• Sprinkling catnip on them
• Rewarding your cat with treats or praise when they show interest in them
• Playing near the scratching area

Remember that cats will probably avoid posts that wobble. If they’re ignoring a new scratcher, make sure it’s positioned properly to feel sturdy and stable under their weight. 

Protecting Furniture from Scratching

It can take time to fully redirect scratching onto more appropriate surfaces. In the meantime, you may want to take steps to protect your furniture.

While some pet parents have success with furniture covers and plastic sheeting, one of the easiest ways to reduce stretching is to keep your cat’s nails neatly trimmed. Manicured nails are less destructive to wood and fabric, and they address your cat’s need to shed dead keratin. 

As you make the transition, it’s best to avoid punishing your cat for choosing the sofa over their new scratcher. Yelling and spraying water can make them fearful and anxious without doing anything to redirect their instincts. 

Reduce Problem Scratching with Enrichment

Saving your furniture may require a two-pronged approach. 

Cats who are bored or under-stimulated are more likely to fixate on exercising their claws. In addition to providing appropriate scratchers, increasing environmental enrichment can help. 

Mental and physical stimulation helps many cats feel calmer and more satisfied, which may reduce stress-related scratching.

Experiment with:

• Interactive toys
• Climbing trees or cat shelves
• Puzzle feeders
• Window perches
• Daily play sessions

Every Cat Is Different

There is no one-size-fits-all solution for scratching. Some cats love cardboard loungers, while others insist on tall sisal posts. Some have a dedicated scratching spot, and some prefer multiple scratching stations throughout the house.

It all starts with accepting scratching as a normal part of the feline experience. Patience and observation go a long way. Once you understand your cat’s preferences, it becomes much easier to guide their behavior in a positive direction. 

With the right setup, you can protect your home while still allowing your cat to express themselves in a healthy, natural way. 

The short answer: Leptospirosis is on the rise in North Carolina, and many dogs can benefit from the lepto vaccine, regardless of their direct exposure to wildlife. 

Pet parents know to stay vigilant about preventing rabies, distemper, and bordetella, but for many years, leptospirosis was mainly considered a concern for hunting dogs. Leptospira bacteria are primarily transmitted when dogs come into contact with soil or water contaminated with the urine of infected wild animals, but exposure is no longer relegated to working breeds. 

Urban encroachment, in combination with NC’s warm, humid climate, means that even city-dwelling dogs are at risk. 

What is Leptospirosis?

Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection that affects both animals and humans. Because it can be spread between dogs and humans, it’s known as a zoonotic disease. 

Dogs typically encounter Leptospira bacteria via contaminated: 

• Standing flood water or puddles
• Mud and soil
• Lakes, ponds, and other still water
• Wildlife scent trails 
• Shared space with an infected dog

These bacteria can enter your dog’s body through their nose, mouth, eyes, or small breaks in their skin. Once infected, leptospirosis enters the bloodstream and begins to damage major organs, particularly the liver and kidneys. 

Symptoms of Leptospirosis in Dogs

Leptospirosis symptoms can vary widely. Some dogs have a more subtle presentation, while others become critically sick very quickly.

Common symptoms include:

• Fever
• Lethargy
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Loss of appetite
• Increased thirst
• Increased urination
• Muscle pain or stiffness
• Shivering
• Weakness

As the disease progresses, dogs may develop signs of kidney or liver failure, including:

• Jaundice (yellowing of the gums or eyes)
• Severe dehydration
• Difficulty breathing
• Bloody urine
• Reduced urine production

Because the symptoms overlap with many other illnesses, leptospirosis can sometimes be difficult to identify early without diagnostic testing.

Why is Lepto a Risk for Raleigh Dogs?

North Carolina’s environment creates ideal conditions for leptospirosis to survive.

Warm temperatures, frequent rainfall, humidity, and abundant wildlife all contribute to increased exposure risks. The bacteria thrive in moist environments, particularly after heavy rain or flooding.

Known carriers of leptospirosis, like raccoons, possums, foxes, mice, and deer,  are common throughout NC, but it’s no longer necessary to enter their natural habitats to be exposed to the bacteria. 

As NC residential areas continue to develop, it’s increasingly common for wild animals to urinate in parks, along greenways, and in private yards. Veterinarians are seeing an uptick in lepto cases in urban and suburban dogs. 

Community dog parks, apartment complexes, boarding facilities, and sidewalks with standing water can all create opportunities for exposure.

Treatment

Leptospirosis can become extremely serious if not treated promptly.

Some dogs recover fully with veterinary care, especially when treatment begins early. Others may suffer permanent kidney or liver damage even after surviving the infection.

Treatment hinges on antibiotics and IV fluids, but the more advanced the infection, the poorer the prognosis. While your dog’s general health heavily impacts their likelihood of recovery, leptospirosis infections are fatal in up to 20% of cases. 

Leptospirosis also presents a public health concern because infected dogs can potentially spread the bacteria to other dogs as well as humans. While transmission from pets to people is relatively uncommon with proper precautions, veterinarians still take the disease very seriously.

Even after treatment, dogs can continue to shed the bacteria through their urine for several months. Households dealing with confirmed or suspected exposure should disinfect shared surfaces regularly and avoid direct contact with urine or soiled bedding. 

How Effective Is the Lepto Vaccine?

While it can’t guarantee that your dog will never become infected, a vaccine can reduce their risk of leptospirosis by around 88%. 

The lepto vaccine protects against the most common strains responsible for canine infections. Studies have shown that vaccinated dogs are substantially less likely to develop severe illness or organ failure compared to unvaccinated dogs exposed to the bacteria.

Current vaccines are considered highly effective at reducing:

• Clinical disease
• Severe kidney and liver complications
• Bacterial shedding
• Risk long-term of hospitalization

Protection is strongest when dogs remain current on boosters, since immunity decreases over time. Most dogs receive an initial series followed by boosters at their annual wellness visit.

Is the Lepto Vaccine Safe?

The lepto vaccine has improved considerably over the years. Early versions carried higher rates of side effects, particularly for small dogs, but the modern vaccine is much better tolerated.

As with any vaccine, veterinarians weigh the risks and benefits based on the individual dog’s health, age, lifestyle, and exposure risk. 

Because treatment can be so difficult, expensive, and time-sensitive, for many North Carolina dogs, the risk posed by leptospirosis itself is considered much greater than the risk of vaccination.

Protecting Your Dog

Vaccination is one of the best tools for reducing lepto risk, but additional precautions can also help avoid exposure while you continue to enjoy Raleigh’s community parks, doggy daycares,  and trail systems: 

• Don’t allow your dog to drink from puddles. Bring plenty of fresh water on walks so pets aren’t tempted by standing water. 
• Avoid swimming or wading in stagnant ponds or creeks, especially during hot weather. 
• Control rodents in and around your home. 
• Store pet food securely to avoid attracting wildlife.

Regular wellness visits also help veterinarians identify potential concerns early and keep vaccines up to date.

Ask Your Veterinarian about Your Dog’s Lepto Risk

Leptospirosis is a serious disease that many North Carolina dogs may encounter through everyday exposure. While lifestyle does contribute to risk, vaccination has become an important preventive tool for many pets in urban and rural areas alike. 

If you’re uncertain whether the lepto vaccine makes sense for your dog, your veterinarian can help you weigh the overall health considerations and make the best decision for your family. 

Even healthy dogs and cats benefit from routine bloodwork. Annual lab testing helps veterinarians establish baseline values, monitor organ function, and detect early signs of disease before symptoms develop. In many cases, catching issues early can lead to simpler treatment, lower costs, and better long-term outcomes. 

When pets are happy and energetic, it’s easy to deprioritize preventative care. Unfortunately, many conditions present without initial symptoms, and cats and dogs are known to hide their pain. If an uneventful year has you considering skipping your pet’s wellness visit, here are a few reasons to reconsider. 

Why Routine Bloodwork Matters

A physical exam can tell your veterinarian a lot, but it can’t reveal how your pet’s internal organs are functioning or provide insight into their metabolic health. 

Bloodwork allows your vet team to look below the surface and detect subtle changes, often before they become serious problems. 

Labwork can reveal: 

• Diminished liver or kidney function
• Abnormal blood cell counts and immune system activity
• Metabolic and endocrine disorders
• Early signs of infection and inflammation

Because our pets can’t tell us when something feels “off,” regular bloodwork can uncover issues before they show any overt signs of discomfort. 

The Value of a Baseline

One of the biggest advantages of including bloodwork in your wellness visit is establishing what’s “normal” for your individual pet.

Just like people, not all pets fall perfectly within textbook ranges. Your dog’s normal may be slightly different from another dog’s, and determining their unique baseline will make it much easier to recognize changes over time. 

When your veterinarian has access to prior bloodwork results, they can spot trends that might otherwise go unnoticed. For example, a value that’s steadily increasing year after year may be worth investigating, even if it’s still within the normal range. 

Conditions Commonly Detected by Blood Panels

Routine bloodwork screens for a wide range of conditions that can affect dogs and cats of all ages. Some of the most common include:

Kidney Disease

Early kidney dysfunction often has no obvious symptoms. Bloodwork can detect changes in kidney values before your pet becomes sick, allowing for dietary adjustments or treatment that can help slow progression.

Liver Disease

Elevated liver enzymes can signal inflammation, infection, or other underlying issues that warrant further investigation.

Electrolyte Imbalances

Abnormal sodium, potassium, or calcium levels can point to dehydration, organ dysfunction, or endocrine disease.

Diabetes

Aging pets are at an increased risk for diabetes, but the condition can strike at any phase of life. Detecting changes in blood glucose levels is crucial for identifying diabetes before classic signs like increased thirst or urination appear.

Thyroid Disorders

Both hypothyroidism (more common in dogs) and hyperthyroidism (more common in cats) can be identified through blood testing.

Immune Conditions and Anemia

A complete blood count (CBC) provides a lot of insight into potential health problems. A low red blood cell count (anemia) may point to vitamin or mineral deficiencies, while a high white blood cell count can indicate infection or immune-related conditions. 

In many cases, early detection allows for less invasive treatment and a better quality of life.

When Annual Bloodwork is Essential for Pets

Routine bloodwork is an important part of preventative care for all pets, but certain cats and dogs have an even greater need for consistent monitoring. 

Senior Dogs and Cats

As pets age, their risk for chronic conditions increases. For most dogs and cats, “senior” status begins around age 7, though this can vary somewhat with breed and size.

Older pets are more prone to conditions like kidney disease, arthritis, diabetes, and thyroid disorders, which may develop gradually. Annual (or even semiannual) bloodwork helps catch these issues while they are more manageable.

Pets with Chronic Health Conditions

Cats and dogs diagnosed with conditions like diabetes, kidney disease, or endocrine disorders require especially close monitoring. Bloodwork can help guide treatment decisions, track disease progression, and adjust medications as needed.

Pets on Long-Term Medications

Pets who are managing a chronic condition with medication may need more frequent bloodwork. Certain prescriptions can impact the function of organ systems with long-term use, and regular labwork allows your veterinarian to monitor for side effects. 

Pets Undergoing Anesthesia

If your cat or dog is going to be put under, even for a routine procedure like a dental cleaning, bloodwork is usually recommended. Labs help confirm that your pet’s organs are functioning properly and that they’re healthy enough to tolerate anesthesia. 

Addressing Common Concerns

“Is bloodwork really necessary if my pet isn’t sick?”

In many ways, bloodwork is most useful when pets are healthy. Preventive testing is about catching problems before they become serious (and more expensive) to treat.

“Will a blood draw stress my pet out?”

Most blood draws are quick and well-tolerated. Veterinary teams are trained to minimize stress and keep pets comfortable and distracted throughout the process.

“Is annual bloodwork worth the cost?”

While bloodwork can be an added expense, early detection is a tremendous money-saver for pet parents. Preventive care helps avoid emergencies and, in many cases, preserves less invasive, less expensive treatment options. 

Prevention Pays Off

Thorough veterinary care isn’t just for sick dogs and cats. The most impactful interventions can happen when nothing seems wrong. 

Pets age faster than we do — a year in their life represents a significant span of time, and a lot can change beneath the surface in that window. Annual bloodwork is part of a larger preventative approach that fills the gaps for pets who aren’t always able to tell us when they don’t feel well. 

Work with your veterinarian to design a wellness schedule that fits your pet’s age and health history. Proactive care is one of the best ways to add healthy, happy years to your cat or dog’s life.